Kikutake’s high-tech projects looked utopian—just as their impulse looks democratic rather than feudal—but they were in fact dystopian preparations for worst-case scenarios. aquapolis, a sea city or marine city were born in city models as well as from the literature of films. ‘Marine City’ projects by Kiyonori Kikutake are the first and most influential proposals to build ‘Megastructures’ into the sea after the dissolution of CIAM. Saved by Mikheil Mikadze. Sky-house-Kiyonori-Kikutake-01.jpg 850 × 573; 176 KB Toku-un-ji Temple.jpg 2,073 × 1,378; 1.12 MB 西武大津ショッピングセンター 菊竹清訓 since 1976 (12400107443).jpg 640 × 640; 116 KB 5: Kiyonori Kikutake: Skulptur, aus: The Japan Architect (1975), S. 46. Find out information about Kikutake, Kiyonori. English: Kiyonori Kikutake is a Japanese architect. archiveofaffinities: Kiyonori Kikutake, Aquapolis, Okinawa, 1975. Kikutake’s vision for floating towers was partly realised in 1975 when he designed and built the Aquapolis for the Okinawa Ocean Expo. Kikutake Kiyonori Japanese architect. From 1972 to 1992, Kikutake collaged Stratiforms all over the Japanese archipelago: in the shadow of Mount Fuji, in the countryside, in dense cities, straddling highways, and finally, with the Ecopolis in the Amazon jungle. Expos in 1970s Japan were true laboratories: at the Okinawa Ocean Expo in 1975, which celebrated the handing over of the islands from the United States to Japan, Kikutake was finally able to build on the sea. Son idée Marine City Project présentée en 1958 sert de point de départ à beaucoup de discussions relatives à la planification urbaine des méga-villes, en particulier l'utopie urbaine appelée Ocean City. At Aquapolis, Okinawa (1975), the concept of extending cities into the sea was partially realized. (Kazuyo Sejima has said that the Sky House was the reason she became an architect.) Its centerpiece was ‘Aquapolis’, a floating city designed by the leading ‘metabolist’ architect Kiyonori Kikutake. The premier conference on high-performance building enclosures. Explanation of Kikutake, Kiyonori . In the 1960s, he completed the A-shaped Izumo Shrine Administrative Building; the Miyakonojo Civic Center (an auditorium that fanned out like a seashell, or an ear); and the Tokoen Hotel (a somehow delicate form of Brutalism, with a nod to tradition in its terraced form). Kikutake's Ocean City is the first essay in the pamphlet. Arquitectura Cinética Urbano Movimiento Urbano Arquitectonico Planos Perfil Urbano. WikiMatrix WikiMatrix Jules Verne, à […] la suite d'une traversée à bord du Great Eastern, écrit ainsi un ouvrage témoignage intitulé Une ville flottante . The 100 x 100 meter floating city block contained accommodation that included a banquet hall, offices and residences for 40 staff and … The real thing was never built. Paolo Soleri, Arcology: The City in the Image of Man (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1970), especially 24, 37, 41–42; see also Lear, “Floating Cities,” 83. “Any educated person can grasp it,” he assured Koolhaas and Obrist in their interview. modifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata. Aquapolis. Kiyonori Kikutake, 1928-2011 ... His Aquapolis, the Japanese “pavilion,” was a floating, oil-rig-like structure the size of a city block. Leben. Please don’t think you have understood anything, ever.” It was his last appearance in public before returning to Hawaii; he passed away just before the New Year. ‘Marine City’ projects by Kiyonori Kikutake are the first and most influential proposals to build ‘Megastructures’ into the sea after the dissolution of CIAM. Kikutake Kiyonori. 5 26-07-2014 - Kiyonori Kikutake / Aquapolis / Okinawa / 1975 Image: Kirakirameister / Wikimedia Commons, CC-BY-SA 3.0 Kikutake also discussed these ideas in connection to Aquapolis. À l'occasion de l'Expo ’75 (en), Kiyonori Kikutake fait construire l'ile artificielle d'Aquapolis. L’architecte japonais Kiyonori Kikutake y a construit une « ville flottante » nommée Aquapolis, située à 32 mètres au-dessus de la mer. A gathering at the intersection of design, construction, and tech. That reputation preceded him, though it grew out of the ferocity of his passion rather than a genuine diagnosis. Another member of Metabolist movement, Kiyonori Kikutake, was even more ambitious. Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake dreams of floating cities built on man-made platforms. The group included the architects Kiyonori Kikutake, Masato L taka, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki. For determination and longevity, Kikutake’s had few equals. Interpretation  Kikutake Kiyonori Japanese architect. Sporting a floral necktie, Kiyonori Kikutake—the most inventive, dogged, and systematically intelligent member of the Metabolism movement, which flourished along with Japan’s fortunes from 1960 to the 1970s—stands on a Tokyo rooftop in front of a model of his latest floating city. The 100 x 100 meter floating city block contained accommodation that included a banquet hall, offices and residences for 40 staff and it was built in Hiroshima and then towed to Okinawa. Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre. It was envisioned as a concept of how humans could live harmoniously on the ocean, and a prototype for marine communities. When the oil crisis struck in 1973 and Japan’s economy contracted for the first time since the war, Kikutake, like other Metabolists, looked to the Middle East for commissions. 44. Toyo Ito, whose first job was in Kikutake’s office, tells us in Project Japan—the recently published book by Rem Koolhaas and curator Hans Ulrich Obrist that I co-edited with curator Kayoko Ota—that he used to hear “endless strange rumors about Kiyonori Kikutake: that he ran around the campus of his alma mater, Waseda University, barefoot and wearing a hanten jacket, that he made a living by frantically drawing up plans for the repair of wooden buildings ruined in World War II, that he was ferociously quick at drawing plans, and that they were preposterously beautiful.”. Part of their duty as landlords was to protect their tenants from the frequent flooding of the Chikugo River. ». Kiyonori Kikutake studierte an der japanischen Waseda-Universität und promovierte 1950 im Fach Architektur. L’architecte japonais Kiyonori Kikutake y a construit une « ville flottante » nommée Aquapolis, située à 32 mètres au-dessus de la mer. In 1975 the World EXPO opened in Okinawa, Japan. Prev project Next project. 14/mai/2015 - Oumaima encontrou este Pin. The centerpiece of Expo ’75, the world’s fair held in Okinawa, Japan was a floating city created by the architect Kikutake Kiyonori, called Aquapolis. Kiyonori Kikutake was one of the most gifted and influential of the Metabolist generation that dominated postwar Japan. born April 1, 1928, Kurume City, Japan post-World War II Japanese architect particularly concerned with the problems of … In 1961, with Disaster Prevention City, Kikutake proposed a flood-prevention scheme for Tokyo’s Koto Ward: a grid of 20-foot-high piers, safe from the waters of Tokyo Bay. Kikutake a été professeur à l'Université Waseda à Tokyo et professeur invité dans les universités de Beijing, Sofia, Hawaii, Vienne, Virginie et Aix la Chapelle. Last fall at the Mori Museum in Tokyo, Kikutake took part in a symposium with his fellow surviving Metabolists Kenji Ekuan (the industrial designer responsible for the Kikkoman soy sauce bottle) and Fumihiko Maki (now building Tower 4 at the World Trade Center in New York). Kiyonori Kikutake (Kurume, Fukuoka, Japonia, 1928ko apirilaren 1a - 2011ko abenduaren 26a) arkitektoa izan zen. your own Pins on Pinterest Tokioko Waseda Unibertsitatean egin zituen arkitektura-ikasketak, 1946-1950 bitartean. Il est par ailleurs professeur à l'Académie internationale d'architecture (IAA) à Sofia. In 1975 the World EXPO opened in Okinawa, Japan. The event was located on the western end of the Motobu Peninsula “You have come here today and listened to us talk about Metabolism,” he said. Expo 75 was conceived, in part, to commemorate the American handover of Okinawa to Japan in 1972. Mais l’Expo 1975 Okinawa se démarquait surtout par sa « ville flottante » nommée Aquapolis. Category:Kiyonori Kikutake. The 100 x 100 meter floating city block contained accommodation that included a banquet hall, offices and residences for 40 staff and … Die Form der „Aquapolis“ entsprach allerdings nicht den ursprüng-lichen Vorstellungen Kikutakes. This book is a review of the Work of Kiyonori Kikutake, a Japanese modernist and metabolist architect. Explanation of Kikutake, Kiyonori Discover (and save!) Craven, The City and the Sea, 14–18. ; Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake dreams of floating cities built on man-made islands. Kikutake a été professeur à l'Université Waseda à Tokyo et professeur invité dans les universités de Beijing, Sofia, Hawaii, Vienne, Virginie et Aix la Chapelle. In 1960, during the World Design Conference in Tokyo—where Metabolism made its international debut—Sky House hosted an impromptu all-night conversation between Louis Kahn and his Japanese counterparts. Sky House became a hub for various architectural milieu: a barbecue on the patio underneath the house in 1958 may well have been the moment when Kenzo Tange—architect of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum and Japan’s de facto architect laureate—first enlisted Kikutake to be a Metabolist, together with fellow architect Kisho Kurokawa and critic Noboru Kawazoe, who were also at the party. It became a laboratory for testing theories of artificial ground and adaptation on his own family. Kiyonori Kikutake (Kurume, Fukuoka, Japonia, 1928ko apirilaren 1a - 2011ko abenduaren 26a) arkitektoa izan zen.. Bizitza. back to projects; print; General information. Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake dreams of floating cities built on man-made islands. 1959 gründete Kikutake mit Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Sachio Otaka und Noboin Kawazoe die Gruppe der Metabolisten, die den Gedanken verfolgte, den Lebenszyklus von Geburt und Wachstum auf Städtebau und Architektur zu übertragen. Kiyonori Kikutake studierte an der japanischen Waseda-Universität und promovierte 1950 im Fach Architektur. Kikutake, Kiyonori | Article about Kikutake, Kiyonori by The Free Dictionary. Unlike Kikutake's Marine City (see webpage header image) which remains unbuilt, the Aquapolis was built for use as the Japan Pavilion at the 1975 World Expo in Okinawa. The Marine City projects by Kiyonori Kikutake designed between 1958 and 1963 are the first and most influential proposals to build ‘Megastructures’ into the sea after the dissolution of C.I.A.M.They include two basic types: the ‘Floating Structure’ as a concentric and city-scale type, and the ‘Linear Ocean City’ as a linear and national-scale type. Sky House, 1958 (left) and the Miyakonojo Civic Center, 1966 (right). Apr 10, 2015 - This Pin was discovered by New Haven. ; The centerpiece of Expo 75 was the Aquapolis a floating city designed by Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake. your own Pins on Pinterest Kikutake Kiyonori, (born April 1, 1928, Kurume, Japan—died December 26, 2011, Tokyo), Japanese architect concerned with the problems of a changing world, particularly urban sprawl and sustainability.. After graduating from Waseda University in Tokyo (1950), Kikutake worked for several architectural firms and then opened his own office (1953). Kikutake Kiyonori und die „Marine Cities“ ette, einem Einschnitt in die Platten, der einem menschlichen Körper nachgebildet war. 12.3 billion Yen was spent on the project. « Le but de la « ville marine » n'est pas d'agrandir le terrain ni de s'échapper de la terre ferme. Dans son modèle de ville-tour - qu'il associe plus tard avec le projet Marine City au projet Unabara - des immeubles de grande hauteur se tiennent sur des roues plates-formes similaires. After constructing housing for war widows and their families out of wood and brick salvaged from fire-bombed buildings, Kikutake completed his legendary Sky House in 1958. Modern Family. La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 8 août 2020 à 14:09. And no one pursued that idea more vigorously than Kikutake. Other works include Miyakonoyo Civic Hall (1966—with a light, collapsible roof-structure), the Administration Building, Shrine of Izumo (1963), and the Tokoen Hotel, Yonago (1964). Its centerpiece was ‘Aquapolis’, a floating city designed by the leading ‘metabolist’ architect Kiyonori Kikutake. He told Koolhaas and Obrist that everything began with the 1947 Nochi Kaiho (Agrarian Reform) law enacted by the occupying American General Headquarters, which dispossessed him of his inherited land: “My architecture was my protest, as a former landlord, against the dismantling of the entire landowning system.” The surface of Japan is already maddeningly difficult to build on because of its tectonic instability, because it is 75 percent mountainous, and because the flat parts are prone to flooding and tsunamis; after the reform law, it became politically tainted as well. Design and Architecture 1960/75, Florence 1996, Il Ventilabro, Ordre du Soleil levant de troisième classe, Portail de l’architecture et de l’urbanisme, https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kiyonori_Kikutake&oldid=173655925, Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais, Article contenant un appel à traduction en allemand, Article de Wikipédia avec notice d'autorité, Portail:Architecture et urbanisme/Articles liés, Portail:Biographie/Articles liés/Culture et arts, licence Creative Commons attribution, partage dans les mêmes conditions, comment citer les auteurs et mentionner la licence, 1963 Shallow Sea Type Community Project (dans la, 1964 : Prix des arts du ministère de l'éducation, 1970 : Prix de l'Académie japonaise d'architecture, 2000 : Grand prix des beaux paysages de la. ), Kikutake Kiyonori; 1er avril 1928 à Kurume, 26 décembre 2011[1], est un architecte japonais, plus particulièrement connu comme représentant du mouvement métaboliste. Here, important early meetings took place between the Metabolists, of which Kikutake was a founding member.The architect himself lived here until his death last year. The 100 x 100 meter floating city block contained accommodation that included a banquet hall, offices and residences for 40 staff and … Kiyonori Kikutake and the architecture of postwar Japan. Raised on stilts 20 feet high, Sky House hovers above Japan’s surface, metaphorically free of its dangers and its new rules. Il est également le tuteur et l'employeur de plusieurs importants architectes japonais tels que Toyō Itō et Itsuko Hasegawa. Find out information about Kikutake, Kiyonori. Japanese architect and leading light in Metabolism. Its centerpiece was ‘Aquapolis’, a floating city designed by the leading ‘metabolist’ architect Kiyonori Kikutake. In 1975 the World EXPO opened in Okinawa, Japan. À la fin de l’Exposition, le site a été transformé pour être utilisé en Ocean Expo Park dans lequel l’Aquapolis est restée en fonctionnement jusqu’en 2000. By the time it closed one year later, Reyner Banham had published Megastructure: Urban Futures of the Recent Past. EXPLORACIONES. That attitude of paternalistic noblesse oblige never left Kikutake, even when he was drawing radical schemes for ocean living or giant colonies in the air. Kiyonori Kikutake, 1928-2011 ... His Aquapolis, the Japanese “pavilion,” was a floating, oil-rig-like structure the size of a city block. Kiyonori Kikutake, Aquapolis, Okinawa, 1975. designboom would like to take the time to commemorate a japanese architect, visionary and mastermind at the leading edge of the metabolism movement, kiyonori kikutake… ... Kikutake’s ‘marine city’ was … a floating metropolis in the ocean; self sustainable, flexible, clean and safe, earthquake-proof, impervious to flooding and away from urban sprawl on the main land. Kiyonori Kikutake – Sky House Marie Herve from AlICe lab on Vimeo. Kikutakeren arkitekturak hiru fase ditu: irudia, eredua eta forma. The work that first brought him to … Unlike Kikutake's Marine City (see webpage header image) which remains unbuilt, the Aquapolis was built for use as the Japan Pavilion at the 1975 World Expo in Okinawa. En 1959, Kikutake fonde en compagnie de Kisho Kurokawa, Fumihiko Maki, Sachio Otaka et Noboin Kawazoe le groupe des métabolistes qui poursuivent l'idée de transposer à l'urbanisme et à l'architecture le cycle vital de la naissance et de la croissance. Architecture; cultural / educational buildings; exhibition buildings From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. He called these surfaces “artificial ground.” More than capsules or organic metaphors of regeneration for buildings and cities, it is the idea of artificial ground that binds together the disparate work of the Metabolists. He rose to his feet, shuffled to the front of the stage and wagged his finger playfully at the 1,000-strong audience. While plotting Metabolism and conducting unsolicited experiments with oceanic and aerial architecture, Kikutake built prolifically. — Kiyonori Kikutake [2] À l'occasion de l'Expo ’75 (en), Kiyonori Kikutake fait construire l'ile artificielle d'Aquapolis. seus próprios Pins no Pinterest. Kikutake’s vision for floating towers was partly realised in 1975 when he designed and built the Aquapolis for the Okinawa Ocean Expo. Kikutake's vision for floating towers was partly realised in 1975 when he designed and built the Aquapolis for the Okinawa Ocean Expo. Designed by Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake, the futuristic city cost 14 billion yen (US$ 41 million) and was a prototype marine community. Its architect, Kikutake Kiyonori, saw Aquapolis off to China and oblivion. PREVI (Lima) Kiyonori Kikutake Ground and first floor plan (source:Architectural Design,4/ 1970, London) Fumihiko Maki. The Aquapolis was constructed at a … Kikutake's vision for floating towers was partly realised in 1975 when he designed and built the Aquapolis for the Okinawa Ocean Expo. The numbering system for Skyridge is similar to that of Aquapolis. A short walk away from Tokyo’s Gokokuji station, Kiyonori Kikutake’s Sky House (1958) is a small yet very important residential building in Japanese post-war architectural history. Architects who are dedicated to establishing different theories of a city on the water have built inspiring scale models, for example, Kenzo Tange’s Tokyo Bay Project (丹下健三, 1960), Kiyonori Kikutake… Kiyonori Kikutake, Aquapolis, Okinawa, 1975. Kikutake is probably most famous for his designs of marine metropoles – arguably the most important contribution of the Metabolists. “I wanted it to be used as a research base for an offshore oilfield or as a Black Current research station,” he said as the material manifestation of his 1970s’ visions of marine communities and the machinic heart of reversion headed toward the horizon. Leben. The centerpiece of Expo 75 was the Aquapolis a floating city designed by Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake. ; The museum building was designed by Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake. With his eyes squeezed shut and his hands spread out like a spiritual medium, he seems to be straining, desperately trying to conjure the project into reality: a colony on the sea that would accommodate Japan’s burgeoning postwar population, free from overcrowded cities, safe from earthquakes, impossible to flood. Looking for Kikutake, Kiyonori? 45. ; Kikutake Takashi, 46, owner of a building restoration company, said in Tokyo. Expo 1975 (Okinawa): Aquapolis. Looking for Kikutake, Kiyonori? Er betrieb seit 1953 sein eigenes Büro. Kikutake told him about his three-step principle for architecture, inspired by nuclear physics: ka (essence), kata (substance), katachi (phenomenon). TimberCon -- spotlighting the emerging field of timber construction. Modern Architecture Floor Plans How To Plan Experimental Modernism Architects Images Japanese. Seine eigentliche Idee war, einen The centerpiece of Expo 75 was the Aquapolis a floating city designed by Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake. At Expo ’70, the apotheosis of Metabolism and the culmination of Japan’s postwar economic and moral rehabilitation, Kikutake built the iconic Expo Tower, a skeletal framework with move-nets plugged in, from which the public could look out over the city of the future. Kikutake also discussed these ideas in connection to Aquapolis. By the time it closed one year later, Reyner Banham had published Megastructure: Urban Futures of the Recent Past. Kikutake and Maki also had major commissions for the subsequent 1975 Okinawa Ocean Expo; Kikutake’s Aquapolis, a remarkable pavilion floated just off shore, became a poignant symbol for the movement, unattainable and slowly rusting until it was scrapped at the end of the 20th century. Encontre (e salve!) In Metabolism 1960, the group’s manifesto, Kikutake wrote: “It is incorrect to say that the most sure means to live is to cling to the land.… The civilization of continents has accumulated bloody struggles in human relations established within the limited land.” Projects like Ocean City and Tower Shaped Community—tubular towers over 900 feet tall into which capsules plug “like leaves”—were, he thought, necessities for an overcrowded planet on the brink of disaster. Kiyonori KIKUTAKE. Lirio De Agua Fondo De Mar Climatico Ondas Arquitectos Ciudades Ciudad Futura Arquitectura Japonesa Arquitectura Moderna. Il dirige son propre cabinet depuis 1953. It was envisioned as a concept of how humans could live harmoniously on the ocean, and a prototype for marine communities. ; Japanese architect Kiyonori Kikutake dreams of floating cities built on man-made platforms. The centrepiece of Expo 1975 was Aquapolis, a ‘floating city’ that sat 32 metres above the sea, next to the Science and Technology Cluster. 44. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry, willing to sponsor potential solutions to Japan’s shortage of land and housing, paid for the construction of a 1:1 prototype, which Kikutake subjected to earthquake and fire tests. Apr 10, 2015 - This Pin was discovered by Alejandra Padilla. ; Skyridge continues Aquapolis'tradition of minigames playable by scanning in dot codes from multiple cards. Kikutake would spend his life designing other surfaces upon which to build instead—on the land, on the sea, and in the air. In 1996, when Rem Koolhaas designed the Hyperbuilding for Bangkok, he didn’t realize that the project, originally initiated by Kikutake and his Hyperbuilding Research Committee, was in fact a direct continuation of the same Metabolist obsession with artificial ground that Kikutake had been pursing since the late 1950s. 1975 Aquapolis, floating pavilion system for International Ocean Expo'75, Okinawa, Japan: ... Works by Kiyonori Kikutake, Toward Architecture of the New Century, 1998; Works by Kiyonori Kikutake, The New Japanese Housing, 1992; Works by Kiyonori Kikutake, Prototype Concepts, 1990; Kawasumi Architectural Photograph Office (left) and Courtesy Taschen (right), page rendered @ January 27, 2021, 3:44 pm, Approaches to Preservation & Adaptive Re-Use. THE METABOLIST MOVEMENT. Kikutake soutient l'idée que de nouvelles et meilleures villes peuvent être construites sur la mer ce qui implique que les villes doivent être fixées sur des piliers de béton dans la mer. born April 1, 1928, Kurume City, Japan post-World War II Japanese architect particularly concerned with the problems of a changing world. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Kikutake, 83, had to leave early. [...] La confusion actuelle des villes sur terre ne doit pas être reportée sur la « ville marine ». His architecture remains as powerful as ever. Il dirige son propre cabinet depuis 1953. Model of Aquapolis, another example of a floating structure designed by Kiyonori Kikutake. The Aquapolis was constructed at a shipyard in Hiroshima, Japan, and then towed to the Expo site. The aim of this book is to present 20th century architecture, the most important architects and their buildings to the reader. (1928–2012).Japanese architect, a leading light in Metabolism, committed to adaptability, as expressed in his visionary designs for cities. He was also the tutor and employer of several important Japanese architects, such as Toyo Ito, Shōzō Uchii and Itsuko Hasegawa Background. Kiyonori Kikutake étudie à l'Université Waseda dont il est diplômé en 1950. archiveofaffinities: “ Kiyonori Kikutake, Aquapolis, Okinawa, 1975 ” Kiyonori Kikutake, “Kaiyō kaihatsu to Akuaporisu” [Ocean development and Aquapolis], Kenchiku Zasshi 89, 1084 (1974): 785. Kenzo Tange. In 2000 it was sold to a US-based company 14 million Yen and towed to Shanghai where it was scrapped. Meanwhile, Kikutake was also taking on the land with his Stratiform Structure Module, a giant A-frame into which individual, American-style detached houses can be plugged. “The 'floating city' of Aquapolis, by Kiyonori Kikutake, at Expo '75, Okinawa. Située à 32 mètres au-dessus de la mer, à côté du pôle des Sciences et de la Technologie, la ville futuriste était un prototype de communauté marine. Japanese architect and leading light in Metabolism. By the time it closed one year later, Reyner Banham had published Megastructure: Urban Futures of the Recent Past. Kikutake was born in 1928 in Kurume; he was the 17th generation of a wealthy landowning family that used to farm the fertile planes. During the preparation for the 1960 Tōkyō World Design Conference a group of young architects and designers, including Kiyonori Kikutake, Kisho Kurokawa and Fumihiko Maki prepared the publication of the Metabolism manifesto. Ette, einem Einschnitt in die Platten, der einem menschlichen Körper nachgebildet war from multiple cards concerned the! Cette page a été faite le 8 août 2020 à 14:09 minigames playable by in! Kikutake Takashi, 46, owner of a floating city designed by the Free Dictionary structure. 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